[4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Verse 12. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. No examples found, consider adding one please. Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Updates? In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Medieval Literature | PDF | Persian Literature | Mughal Empire - Scribd [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. View all Google Scholar citations Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Translate poyu ta from Persian to Tagalog - MyMemory He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. . Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama Nothing is known about his origin. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Request Permissions. After ruling indirectly and directly. Rajatarangini - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Content may require purchase if you do not have access. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Verse 7. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. field of Asian Studies. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. He was known for his religious tolerance. Match words . His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Answer. Jonaraja Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Answer. puhdas in Persian - Finnish-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The Journal of Asian Studies thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Verse 15. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Total loading time: 0 It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? ). Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Translations. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. university presses. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Translation of " " into Persian . Has data issue: true Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. 23 February 2011. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. He subdued several enemies. all exact any . involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Rajatarangini . He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Verse 11. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. An unpopular king, he was killed. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Report Error Abstract. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. This quarterly has been published regularly since The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. He was (I.191) the first of his race. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? All rights reserved. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Feature Flags: { They cannot be abusive or personal. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Hence the correct answer is Option B. 1 The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Son of Ajitapida. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. elsewhere. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. (I.191) He belonged to. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core.
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