Dr. Derek W. H. Thomas. (12) But when they believed Philip . Where did John the Apostle preach after Jesus died? 8 Where did St.Peter go after his imprisonment? 18, note 1. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". & c. 21. sect. (4) Philip, who was before a deacon in Jerusalem, is made an evangelist by God in an extraordinary way. Who was the first disciple to realize Jesus was risen? All these considerations show that there is "not" in the sacred Scriptures an order of ministers appointed to preach "as deacons.". Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This is the oldest form of the tradition in regard to Thomas (see preceding note). The Syrian Christians in India called themselves Thomas-Christians; but the name cannot be traced beyond the eighth century, and is derived, probably, from a Nestorian missionary. 29, and in Socrates, H. E. I. And Jesus said to him, Follow Me. 44 Now Philip was from Bethsaida, of the city of Andrew and Peter. . Stromata. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Hearing and seeing the miracles which he did. [8], Later stories about Philip's life can be found in the anonymous Acts of Philip, probably written by a contemporary of Eusebius. This mission is in harmony with the later tradition that each disciple was given a specific missionary charge. 23, below); Polycrates in his Epistle to Victor (quoted by Eusebius in chap. His apostolate was supposedly in the territory of Scythia, an ancient Eurasian area. religious corporation as defined under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Eternal life in Christ is available to anyone who desires it. He is also called the patron saint of Greece, where he is reported to have been crucified; but his activity there rests upon a late tradition. Philip died sometime in the first century, possibly around 80 AD. Among these are Philip, one of the twelve apostles, who sleeps in Hierapolis, and his two aged virgin daughters, and another daughter who lived in the Holy Spirit and now rests at Ephesus.. In the synoptic gospels, the writers simply tell us these exchanges took place between Jesus and the disciples, and the dialogue cuts to the chase a little more. In Church History Eusebius quotes Papias of Hierapolisa contemporary of the apostlesas saying that Philip was living in Hierapolis with his daughters. III. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Readers ask: Did Farrah Fawcett Have Cancer When She Made The Movie The Apostle? VIII. Still, there are some things we can learn about Philip the Apostle from the Bible, and we can glean a few insights from the early church as well. turn with me if you would to the Acts of the Apostles. After the martyrdom of Stephen he went to "the city of Samaria", where he preached with much success, Simon Magus being one of his converts. Later traditions extended his labors eastward as far as India, and made him suffer martyrdom in that land; and there his remains were exhibited down to the sixteenth century. https://www.learnreligions.com/philip-the-apostle-follower-of-jesus-701070 (accessed March 4, 2023). Philip answered him, It would take more than half a years wages to buy enough bread for each one to have a bite! John 6:57, Jesus already knew exactly what he was going to do, but he asked Philip what it would take to feed these peopleperhaps as a joke, or possibly, to illustrate that it would take a miracle to feed this many. Philip and Bartholomew were then crucified upside-down, and Philip preached from his cross. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. b When Simon saw this, he was intrigued. Religion, and others), though the denial is much less positive now than it was a few years ago. (The other two Philips are both sons of King Herod the Great.). All rights reserved. "Philip the Apostle - Follower of Jesus Christ." Samaria was a "region," Matthew 2:22. 5. Jesus called Philip, who had been a disciple of John the Baptist's ( John 1:43 ), and then Philip went and found Nathanael and told him about Jesus. Just seeing the Father will be enough for us.. Like Andrew, Philips first reaction after meeting Jesus was to go tell someone about him. In a letter to Pope Victor, Polycrates of Ephesus said: I speak of Philip, one of the twelve apostles, who is laid to rest at Hierapolis. He may have been among the disciples with Jesus at the wedding feast in Cana, when Christ performed his first miracle, turning water into wine. Its possible that they knew him personally, or perhaps he spoke Greek better than the other disciples (he did have a Greek name after all). Once again as we. He afterwards was told by an angel of the Lord to go to the road between Jerusalem and Gaza. e.g. Later Christian traditions describe Philip as the apostle who preached in Greece, Syria, and Phrygia . He afterwards was told by an angel of the Lord to go to the road between Jerusalem and Gaza. The last we hear of Philip the Apostle is in the book of Acts, at Jesus' ascension and the Day of Pentecost. He died of natural causes according to one tradition but, according to another, of crucifixion, accounting for his other medieval symbol of a tall cross. Lipsius states that, according to the oldest form of the tradition, the apostles were divided into three groups: first, Peter and Andrew, Matthew and Bartholomew, who were said to have preached in the region of the Black Sea; second, Thomas, Thaddeus, and Simeon, the Canaanite, in Parthia; third, John and Philip, in Asia Minor. Following the resurrection of Jesus, Philip was sent with his sister Mariamne and Bartholomew to preach in Greece, Phrygia, and Syria. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [564] Parthia, in the time of the apostles, was an independent kingdom, extending from the Indus to the Tigris, and from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. [5], An early extra-biblical story about St. Philip is preserved in the apocryphal Letter from Peter to Philip, one of the texts in the Nag Hammadi Library, and dated to the end of the 2nd century or early 3rd. Upon Peter's activity in Rome and his death there, see Bk. There he cared for Jesus' mother, Mary, until her death, and after the destruction of Jerusalem, he moved to Ephesus which had become the geographic and numerical center of the Christian church. St. Peters Mission was a boarding school/academy for Native Americans. Following the resurrection of Jesus, Philip was sent with his sister Mariamne and Bartholomew to preach in Greece, Phrygia, and Syria. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 1 and 3. What was the mission of Saint Paul the Apostle? After the imprisonment and attempted murder of Peter, the Apostles location throughout the New Testament is kept secret and hidden. chap. We may infer from the other narrative of Philip's mission-work (Acts 8:31-35) that it also included an outline-history of the passion and death and . The chief arguments urged against the residence of John in Ephesus are two, both a silentio: first, Clement in his first Epistle to the Corinthians speaks of the apostles in such a way as to seem to imply that they were all dead; secondly, in the Ignatian Epistles, Paul is mentioned, but not John, which is certainly very remarkable, as one is addressed to Ephesus itself. 24); and many others. Hr. especially Hilgenfeld in his Einleitung, and Weizscker in his Apostaliches Zeitalter). II. From now on, you do know him and have seen him. Philip said, Lord, show us the Father and that will be enough for us. Jesus answered: Dont you know me, Philip, even after I have been among you such a long time? Philostorgius, Hist. Such a tradition did, however, exist quite early. Clement of Alexandria, who lived in the second and third century, claimed that this unnamed disciple was Philip: If they quote the Lords words to Philip, Let dead bury their dead, but do thou follow me . To genuinely believe is to obey! St. Matthew, also called St. Matthew the Evangelist, St. Matthew the Apostle, or Levi, (flourished 1st century ce, Palestine; Western feast day September 21, Eastern feast day November 16), one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ and the traditional author of the first Synoptic Gospel (the Gospel According to Matthew). This would lend heavily to the Apostle John also being there in his early ministry as Jesus committed him to the care of his earthly mother. His remains, as one legend has it, lie in the cathedral in Amalfi, Italy. It is remarkable that they had believed in the first instance without any other sign than the person and the teaching of the Lord Jesus. Mary to behold her son. Mentioned only by name in the Apostle lists of the Synoptic Gospels, he is a frequent character in the Gospel According to John, according to which (1:4351) he came from Bethsaida, answered Jesus call (Follow me), and was instrumental in the call of St. Nathanael (probably St. Bartholomew the Apostle), whom he brought to Jesus. Preached Christ.The verb is not the same as in Acts 8:4, and is the word used for preaching or proclaiming. The tense implies continued action, extending, it may be, over weeks or months. Focus Theme: Living in Abundance. 8. Your email address will not be published. 3 May: GRC 1969,[1] EKD This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. John seems more interested in telling us who said what, and using Philips answer to set up Jesus miracle. And Philip opened his mouth, and beginning from this Scripture, preached unto him Jesus. The Acts of Philip are apocryphal and probably date from the 3rd/4th century. The efforts to derive from the varying traditions any trustworthy particulars as to the apostles themselves is almost wholly vain. New American Bible In 8:12, the text states that, when they believed Philip preaching good tidings concerning the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.. In the Roman Rite, the feast day of Philip, along with that of James the Less, was traditionally observed on 1 May, the anniversary of the dedication of the church dedicated to them in Rome (now called the Church of the Twelve Apostles ). Aside from the lists of apostles in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Acts, Philip appears in four narratives in the Gospel of John. St. Peters Basilica. Why did the Ethiopian eunuch go to Jerusalem? He preached and reportedly performed miracles in Samaria, and met and baptised an Ethiopian man, a eunuch, on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, traditionally marking the start of the Ethiopian Church ( Acts 8:26-39 ). [1], Philip the Apostle should not be confused with Philip the Evangelist, who was appointed with Stephen to oversee charitable distributions (Acts 6:5). His body is said to have been carried to Constantinople in 357 (cf. So, lets take a look at what the apostles preached about: Acts 8:12 (Philip) " 12 But when they believed Philip preaching the good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were being baptized, men and women alike. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Philip's feast day on 14 November. Hes one of four people named Philip in the Bible, and hes often confused with Philip the Evangelist, who plays a minor role in Acts. Cf. Tradition says Philip the Apostle preached in Phrygia, in Asia Minor, and was martyred there at Hierapolis. Saint Peter became angry at her greed because she did not give a piece of cake to Saint Peter to satiate his hunger. Answer: The old lady was a greedy woman. It's probable they knew one another and were friends.. Clearly, then, preaching Christ involves a proclamation of the divine commands necessary to becoming a Christian. Later, Philip lived in Caesarea Maritima with his four daughters who prophesied, where he was visited by Paul the Apostle (Acts 21:8-9). All the places assigned to Peter are portions of the field of Paul, who in all the traditions of this class is completely crowded out and his field given to other apostles, showing the Jewish origin of the traditions. Church tradition identifies Philip as the missionary to Greece, Syria, and Phrygia, but even early on, Philip the Apostle was frequently confused with Philip the Evangelist (also known as Philip the Deacon), which makes it hard to distinguish which details describe which Philip. And at last, having come to Rome, he was crucified head-downwards; for he had requested that he might suffer in this way. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [571] Five provinces of Asia Minor, mentioned in 1 Pet. But two Scythias were distinguished in more accurate usage: a European Scythia, lying north of the Black Sea, between the Danube and the Tanais, and an Asiatic Scythia, extending eastward from the Ural. [574] See above, Bk. This Philip is explicitly identified as the evangelist and one of the Seven. If this were Philip the Apostle, it would be odd for Luke to provide two distinguishing details and not call him the apostle. The chief arguments urged against the residence of John in Ephesus are two, both a silentio: first, Clement in his first Epistle to the Corinthians speaks of the apostles in such a way as to seem to imply that they were all dead; secondly, in the Ignatian Epistles, Paul is mentioned, but not John, which is certainly very remarkable, as one is addressed to Ephesus itself. There he cared for Jesus' mother, Mary, until her death, and after the . Omissions? church from Jerusalem to Judea, to Samaria, and to the ends of the earth And. [3] Later he appears as a link to the Greek community. How many 5 letter words can you make from Cat in the Hat? Lipsius states that, according to the oldest form of the tradition, the apostles were divided into three groups: first, Peter and Andrew, Matthew and Bartholomew, who were said to have preached in the region of the Black Sea; second, Thomas, Thaddeus, and Simeon, the Canaanite, in Parthia; third, John and Philip, in l. 1. c. 2. sect. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. II. the Syriac Doctrina Apostolorum (ed. 2023 Fortify Your Faith Foundation. These cookies do not store any personal information. They could not establish a competing dynasty. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. This represents a wonderful illustration of the fact that belief is more than a mere mental phenomenon. Which last place, Sichem, is by Josephus said to be the "metropolis" of Samaria; and is thought by Dr. Lightfoot to be the city Philip went to, and where our Lord had before been, and preached to the conversion of many persons: this place lay lower than Jerusalem, and therefore Philip is said to go down to it; and who was not Philip the apostle, but Philip the deacon, for the apostles abode at Jerusalem; and beside, though this Philip preached the Gospel, and baptized, and wrought miracles, yet did not lay on hands, in order that persons might receive the extraordinary gifts of the Holy Ghost; this was peculiar to the apostles, and therefore Peter and John came down for this purpose, when they heard of the success of Philip's ministry: the subject matter of which follows: and preached Christ unto them; that Christ was come in the flesh, that Jesus of Nazareth was the Christ, and that he was the Son of God, and the alone Saviour of men; who by his obedience, sufferings, and death, had wrought righteousness, procured peace and pardon, and obtained eternal redemption for his people; and was risen again, and ascended into heaven, and was set down at the right hand of God, where he ever lived to make intercession, and would come again a second time to judge both quick and dead. 19. (The other two Philips are both sons of King Herod the Great.) Thus, by the side of verses 5-6, write: See 35-36. How can we get there., The disciples think theyre going to the Fathers house soon, and Jesus responds, If you really know me, you will know my Father as well., Philips basically trying to demonstrate his faith by saying, I dont even care about the details. It was the deacon of that name, who comes next after Stephen in the catalogue of the seven, probably as being the next most prominent. He who has seen me has seen the Father.. Religion, and others), though the denial is much less positive now than it was a few years ago. The Syrian Christians in India called themselves Thomas-Christians; but the name cannot be traced beyond the eighth century, and is derived, probably, from a Nestorian missionary. [2], The Synoptic Gospels list Philip as one of the apostles. p. 38. 221 sq.). See answer (1) Best Answer. (John 1:43, NIV). (4) but "elsewhere" an express distinction is made between Philip and the others. After this, Philip was suddenly taken away by the Spirit of the Lord, and the eunuch went on his way rejoicing (verse 39). When Jesus died St Matthew preached to the Hebrews for 33 years [572] Origen is the first to record that Peter was crucified with his head downward, but the tradition afterward became quite common. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. There are several valuable points to be gleaned from this text. Although many fanciful traditions about the deaths of the He's one of four people named Philip in the Bible, and he's often confused with Philip the Evangelist, who plays a minor role in Acts. 9 Where was St.Peter when he went to Rome? But theres good reason to believe there are probably two different people named Philip. the city of Samariaor "a city of Samaria"; but the former seems more likely. It is located on a hill northwest of Nblus in the West Bank territory under Israeli administration since 1967. And presumably, if he did not use distinguishing details, the early church wouldve assumed he meant Philip the Apostlethe most well-known Philip. Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria. He preached in Carthage, Greece, Phrygia, and Syria and was martyred. He preached in Asia Minor and died as a martyr, according to Christian tradition. [12], Philip is commonly associated with the symbol of the Latin cross. Zavada, Jack. It is impossible to tell where the quotation begins--whether with the words "Thomas according to tradition received Parthia," as I have given it, or with the words "Peter appears to have preached," etc., as Bright gives it. azotus. Quick Answer: Who Replaced Judas Iscariot As The Twelfth Apostle How He Died? A lost book, referred to by the Decretum Gelasii as Liber qui appellatus sortes Apostolorum apocryphus, very likely contained the original tradition, and an account of the fate of the apostles, and was probably of Gnostic or Manichean origin. Ancient Greek prayers are carved into the walls of the tomb and church venerating Philip the Apostle, and a coin from the Byzantine era show Philip holding bread (John 6) with this specific three-naved church in the background and Martyrion in the background, removing all doubts about it being the original tomb of the Apostle and church. He is first mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (6:5) as one of "Seven Deacons" who were chosen to attend to certain temporal affairs of the church in Jerusalem in consequence of the murmurings of the Hellenists against the Hebrews. Philip fervently sought the Messiah and recognized that Jesus was the promised Savior, even though he did not fully understand until after Jesus' resurrection. Afterwards, it is thought that Andrew ministered around the Black Sea, then in Armenia before travelling to Asia Minor and finally into Patrae in Greece where, in 69, he was martyred by the lingering death of a crucifixion without nails. [13], The Holy and All-praised Apostle Philip is commemorated on 14 November and 30 June (Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles) in the Eastern Orthodox Church. As a result, the church has doubted Eusebius account of Philip for nearly a millennia. As these noble saints fled the Jewish abuse, they declared the gospel of the Son of God. 10 And () when He had called His twelve disciples to Him, He gave them power over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all kinds of sickness and all kinds of disease. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. When Philip mentions "the Law," he refers to the first five books of your Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Who is Katy mixon body double eastbound and down season 1 finale? Such was the condition of the Jews. John died. This denotes to "proclaim as a crier," and is commonly employed to denote the preaching of the gospel, so called, Mark 5:20; Mark 7:36; Luke 8:39; Matthew 24:14; Acts 10:42; Romans 10:15; 1 Corinthians 9:27; 1 Corinthians 15:12; 2 Timothy 4:2. Peters first sermon in the city of Jerusalem. [3] During the Last Supper, when Philip asked Jesus to show them the Father, he provides Jesus the opportunity to teach his disciples about the unity of the Father and the Son. When Jesus arrives in Jerusalem, some God-fearing Greeks want to see him, so they come to Philip: Now there were some Greeks among those who went up to worship at the festival. 2. [14][15], His feast day begins the Nativity Fast in the Eastern Orthodox Church, that is called Philip's Fast (or the Philippian Fast),[16] the Fast is Eastern equivalent of Western Advent. 2 Where was the first sermon of St Peter? 36, note 4). No! His traditional activity in Scythia has made him the patron saint of Russia. Your donation gift(s) are very much appreciated and may qualify as a charitable deduction for federal income tax purposes. This is the most explicitly stated occurrence of Jesus so-called teleporting in the scriptures. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Now. Irenus, II. The testimony of Irenus is especially weighty, for the series: Irenus, the pupil of Polycarp, the pupil of John, forms a complete chain such as we have in no other case. Numerous other regions are claimed, by various traditions, to have been the scene of his labors. Your donation gift(s) are very much appreciated and may qualify as a charitable deduction for federal income tax purposes. The Bible doesnt tell us much, and even some of the most reliable early church writers were confused about who he even was. In fact, its possible that Philip the Apostle was confused with Philip the Evangelist as early as the first or second century. . So that would be pretty strange if that was Philip the Apostle.Much later in Acts 21:89, Paul and his companions stay at Philips house in Caesarea with his four unmarried daughters who had the gift of prophecy. When Peter was miraculously released from prison in circa 43 AD, he first went to James, the step-brother of Jesus and put him in charge of the Church of God @ Jerusalem. 31, below, and in Bk. Kept doing from time to time, as is described in the next verse. Second, notice another vital point. He died of natural causes according to one tradition but, according to another, of crucifixion, accounting for his other medieval symbol of a tall cross. In the face of the strong testimony for John's Ephesian residence these two objections must be overruled. 7. Philip went down to the city of Samaria and began to preach the Messiah to the people. On the name, see on Mark 3:18. This is recorded in the Gospels. In the Roman Rite, the feast day of Philip, along with that of James the Less, was traditionally observed on 1 May, the anniversary of the dedication of the church dedicated to them in Rome (now called the Church of the Twelve Apostles). Acts 8 5 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them. Later Christian traditions describe Philip as the apostle who preached in Greece, Syria, and Phrygia. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". While there are some variations in the order the apostles appear and even the names they went by, Philip is listed in all of them. Circle the term believed, and connect it with gave heed in verse 6. 29, and in Socrates, H. E. I. I. p. 17 sqq. 31, below, and in Bk. His body is said to have been carried to Constantinople in 357 (cf. With St. Andrew the Apostle, he brought word to Jesus that certain Greeks had asked to see him (John 12:2122). There he instructed and baptized the Ethiopian eunuch; next he was "caught away" by the Spirit and "found at Azotus" (Ashdod); and then "passing through he preached in all the cities till he came to Caesarea" (Acts 8). It was Philip who first introduced Nathanael (sometimes identified with Bartholomew) to Jesus. Philip's Strengths But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. chap. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. It is of course not impossible, but the absence of any reference to it by earlier Fathers (even by Tertullian, who mentions the crucifixion), and its decidedly legendary character, render it exceedingly doubtful. Christ. prisoner there. Consider the Hebrews writer: though he was a Son, yet learned obedience by the things which he suffered; and having been made perfect, he became unto all them that obey him the author of eternal salvation (5:8-9). then moved on and started teaching all over the world. 1. The story of Saint Philip the Apostle (active 1st-century ad), one of the original 12 Apostles of Jesus Christ. The traditional view is defended by all conservative critics as well as by the majority even of those who deny the Johannine authorship of the fourth Gospel (cf. What is are the functions of diverse organisms? Irenus, Adv. But this is by no means clear. Philip the Apostle's Accomplishments Philip learned the truth about the kingdom of God at the feet of Jesus, then preached the gospel after Jesus' resurrection and ascension. He told them to free Bartholomew, but not to take him down. Following the resurrection of Jesus, Philip was sent with his sister Mariamne and Bartholomew to preach in Greece, Phrygia, and Syria. Cf. (d) Joseph de Bello Jud. Learn Religions. The extant Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Apocalypses, &c., are translated in the Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. Updated on February 18, 2019. He was one of the Seven chosen to care for the poor of the Christian community in Jerusalem (Acts 6). II. Similar Posts What Was Apostle Paul Thorn In His Flesh? An ancient city of Judea, identified with the site of the modern Asdood, about 12 miles northeast of Ascalon. Philip told him the Gospel of Jesus, and the Ethiopian asked to be baptized. When Philip preached Jesus to the traveler, the man inquired: What hinders me to be immersed? How would the Ethiopian treasurer have known about baptism, if preaching Jesus had not included that instruction? Cf. 4, etc. We will turn this responsibility over to them and will give our attention to prayer and the ministry of the word. Acts 6:24. In the face of the strong testimony for John's Ephesian residence these two objections must be overruled. Its also important to recognize that the Ethiopian was returning to his home. natural causes as an old man. Like the Apostle Thomas, Philips only significant mentions come in the Gospel of John (and theyre still not that significant). Brothers and sisters, choose seven men from among you who are known to be full of the Spirit and wisdom. The next day He purposed to go into Galilee, and He found Philip. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. [566] The traditions respecting Andrew are very uncertain and contradictory, though, as remarked above (note 1), the original form, represented here, assigned as his field the region in the neighborhood of the Black Sea. . At the time of his call, Philip seemingly belonged to a group influenced by St. John the Baptist. Philip bore a Greek name. 7 For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed.
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