For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? b. rationalization. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. a. cognitive-behavioral Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? b. sociocultural c. emphasize health. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. The structure of personality. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. 69. 114. What about other students in the class that you know? In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. d. classical conditioning. d. unconscious feelings of loss. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. 2.2.1.5. c. cognitive Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. 62. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. 55. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. c. phallic stage. c. operant conditioning. 2.2.1.3. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. 154. d. ego ideal. a. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. This is called the absolute refractory period. d. psychophysical. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. 163. 82. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 12. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. c. superego. 72. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. c. resistance. 2.2.1.4. d. psychotropic treatment. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. The humanistic perspective. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). a. existential Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? a. 51. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. b. ego. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. 153. c. The receiving neurons fire. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is difficult to research this perspective. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. d. object relations. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. c. the id, ego, and superego. 109. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. b. psychoanalysis. d. fixation. Right? A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. a. existential The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. 2.3.2.5. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? Observational learning. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. d. fixation. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. 113. More on that over the next two sections. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. c. transference. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Behaviorally test your thought. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. That is the idea, at least. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. 140. b. early childhood trauma. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Track the accuracy of the thought. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. It is difficult to research this perspective. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. 130. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. c. existential With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? c. intellectualization. This approach to learning was called connectionism. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Shonda responds by changing the subject. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). b. laissez-faire parenting style. 2.2.2.1. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. c. cognitive-behavioral Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Schemas and cognitive errors. d. transference. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. In the case of men. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. 107. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. b. existential What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. a. humanistic therapy. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? 25. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. I'm here for you." d. catharsis. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. c. neurons. Preconditioning. a. catharsis. 28. b. learned behavior. Infants tend to do things that feel good. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. 149. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. a. Perls. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. d. flight of ideas. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. c. Beck. 2.3.1.5. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. 12. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. 29. c. repression. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 158. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. c. psychodynamic. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. 3. 2.3.2.2. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. b. exposure therapy. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. As such, he continues to steal her toys. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. d. humanistic. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. b. transference. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? c. paradigms. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. b. We must try to convert what we see into action. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. 165. What is it? d. brain circuits. c. ego. What is that factor? a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142.
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