Avoid using it more than once a week as it can build up on your dogs skin and cause irritation. However, [Read More]. Olive Oil for Dogs' Joints 25% of dogs in the US suffer from some type of arthritis. It contains toxic compounds for dogs such as d-limonene and linalool. According to Dr. Grewal, here are some common essential oils that are safe for dogs: Heres a list of essential oils that are toxic to dogs, according to Dr. Grewal: Signs of essential oil poisoning will vary based on a few factors, like the quantity of oil involved and whether your dog ate the oil, inhaled it or got it on his skin. Adams Natural Creamy/Crunchy. Valerian is good for dogs with trouble sleeping and suffering from skin conditions. If you believe your pet swallowed the oil, inducing vomiting or giving activated charcoal are not recommended as this may make the situation even worse. Kunzea oil has been found to be non-irritant and generally is well tolerated even when used undiluted on the skin. Cedarwood essential oil is a natural flea repellent and a good remedy for skin problems. Since it is safe for dogs, might as well give it a shot whenever they might be in a stressful state. Unless you have been using essential oils on your dog and know its tolerance and how it reacts to the oils, it is probably wise to start with a diluted version with carrier oils just to play it on the safe side. They seem to be growing in popularity and almost everyone tends to have at least that or a salt lamp somewhere in the house. Is coconut oil safe for dogs? Its vital that you choose 100 percent pure, therapeutic grade and certified USDA organic essential oils for pets. It can also bolster the mood of canines, making it helpful in minimising anxiety or distress. There is a debate on lemon essential oils safety for dogs. It can help calm and soothe your pet, but because of its aromatic properties and nature, cedar oil is also great at helping fend off pests and insects. What it's best for: Weight loss, improved immune function, healthy skin and coat. (240 ml) of shampoo. Ingredients: Peanuts, Salt. February 24, 2022 at 6:08 am. I'm Mylinh, and I'm a big fan of essential oils. I love including this oil to repel ticks and bug repellents. If your cat has a buildup of fluid and/or toxins in its tissues, topical application of diluted fennel may help break up that unhealthy buildup and get things back to normal. Essential oils are super concentrated forms of certain plants, such as eucalyptus, which makes them extremely potent. Bring the suspected essential oil offender with you to the vet in a sealed container. Never leave essential oils or bottles in a place where your dog (or any other pets, or children) can get them. Repels Ticks and other insects! Secure all diffusers. What did they find? Frankincense has been used for ages, including since the time of the ancient Egyptians. Although you must be careful to only use certain oils after consulting with your vet, the answer is yes you can use essential oils on your dog. Juniper belongs to the pine family and carries high levels of alpha-pinene, making it toxic to dogs. Dogs noses are much more powerful than ours, so consider that if you use or diffuse essential oils in your home. Even in small quantities, it can cause breathing difficulties, vomiting, and weakness in dogs. If your dog is consuming a commercially available pet food and is suffering from skin conditions (like skin flaking or a dull coat), inflammation diseases (such as arthritis and cancer), or organ system damage, then talk to your vet about potentially adding oils that are rich in omega-3 and omega-6 nutrients to your dogs diet, says Dr. Mahaney. Show any symptoms, even mild, of possible harm or toxicity. It also encourages smooth metabolism. 7. Kunzea oil has had positive results in the treatment of rashes, skin irritations, eczema and acne. From humans to pets, ginger has proven to be a very helpful aid. Watch for allergies. Essential oils that are safe for dogs can have some benefits for your pup, such as reducing anxiety and treating skin conditions. Do not useessential oils with puppies under 10 weeks of age. It is also a popular additive in candies and gums. You will want to go for .25% dilution, which is the equivalent of 1 drop of essential oil for every one and a half tablespoons of the chosen carrier oil. Some adverse reactions were reported when owners followed instructions for applying them to their dogs skin as a flea and tick preventative, although most cases of toxicity resulted from product misuse. Certain essential oils are not safe for use around dogs, because they've been shown to produce negative side effects. If your dog has. Which essential oils are toxic to dogs? Hyssop (Hyssopus sp. To find pet-safe essential oil for your dog, look for therapeutic-grade brands that are specially formulated for canines. Reduce the growth of Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) such as cold sores. Natural Occurrence in Australia Kunzea flowering Myrrh is an ancient resin with an antiseptic quality, which clears up inflamed patches of skin. Pine OilsThese oils are sometimes used in cleaning products. Lavender Lavender is safe to use on infants as well as dogs and cats and has proven to be effective in preventing tick eggs from hatching. However, there is limited research on using essential oils for pets, which means it's important to do your due diligence before considering their use. Although they may seem almost identical to essential oils, hydrosols tend to have more subtle aromas that will not irritate your dogs nose as much. It's very high in sugar as well. Some believe that it is okay to use peppermint oil in small amounts as long as it is diluted. During a time of Covid-19 restrictions, more and more people are fostering and adopting pets because of the comfort and companionship they provide. Like most essential oils, spearmint oil should be diluted before application. They can damage the respiratory tract, affect the nervous system and can lead to liver damage. It is also believed to be toxic to canines, which can interfere with natural body processes. Chamomile Oil. Inhalation can also result in respiratory depression. Use less amount of diluted oils on small dogs than on big dogs. There are some essential oils that can be safe to have around your dog, but be sure to double-check with your vet before using them. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'pawsinsider_com-leader-4','ezslot_14',639,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawsinsider_com-leader-4-0');Wondercide 8 Essential Oils for DogsWild Earth What Essential Oils Are Safe for DogsWilde Earth Do Dogs Get Colds?Cabbagetown Pet Clinic How essential oils can affect your pets healthFound Animals Essential Oils and AnimalsKennel to Couch Dogs and Essential Oils, Dog Lover, Founder & Chief Editor at Paws Insider. From lifting spirits after mummification to improving behavior as well as bacterial healing, frankincense is a little less potent essential oil that can be greatly beneficial for your dog. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Ingesting these substances can cause diarrhoea, digestive upset, and vomiting in dogs. Keep out of reach of children. This can help with skin irritations or gastrointestinal inflammation. It is a very hot (and rightfully so) trend right now to find things that are more natural and deemed safer than things made with harsh chemicals and agents that have the potential to be extremely harmful to your or your dog. Examine the labels of your dog products containing any essential oils to ensure they are formulated specifically for dogs. Depending on how much was consumed or inhaled, essential oils can lead to gastrointestinal upset or liver issues, as the chemicals in the essential oil are metabolized [in the liver], Dr. Crow said. Is Baby Oil Safe for Dogs? While fish oil usually comes from fish higher on the food chain, like salmon, krill oil hails from tiny shrimp-like organisms that rank a little lower. Bring him to the vet immediately for medical attention. Seen as an oil of holistic healing, frankincense oil has been used in a little bit of everything. Dogs have a much stronger sense of smell than humans, so a scent that smells fine to you might be way too intense for your pup and might actually stress him out or even cause him to have difficulty breathing. These 9 essential oils are very beneficial for dogs in a variety of ways. I got my first dog when I was 9 years old and I remember how he, out of a litter of 6 puppies, started running towards me. Roman chamomile oil is a well-known anti-inflammatory that is a great choice for both humans and dogs alike if the problem is a skin irritation, burns, wounds, ulcers or eczema. It could even help with any joint pain they may have, and some research has suggested that ginger oil could assist in their breathing. It can potentially cause irreversible damage to the kidneys and liver if ingested or inhaled in potent amounts. There is a great divide in the dog community on whether or not lemongrass essential oil is safe for their pets. Essential oils have been shown to help in many ways from mood to productivity, but can they have similar effects on dogs?if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'pawsinsider_com-box-4','ezslot_2',865,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawsinsider_com-box-4-0'); Throughout a decent amount of research, essential oils for dogs are a highly sought-out hot topic. Repairing and strengthening damaged coat is another benefit this essential oil offers. Lavender essential oil contains linalool and linalyl acetate, which can be toxic for canines if ingested excessively. However, in the case . Great for pups whose systems aren't able to digest the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids well. What are some of the best essential oils for cats? Too much of any oil can cause weight gain, says Dr. Scanlan. Studies say that essential oils greatly help with anxiety disorders and improving mood ( 3 ). WIntergreen OilThis oil contains methyl salicylates, also commonly known as aspirin. Caution . Doterra Balance essential oil contains tansy which is toxic to dogs. Most susceptible are: older, obese, or malnourished dogs some large dog breeds dogs that have suffered injuries AKC actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and is dedicated to advancing dog sports. Helping prevent sun-damage to the skin. From: Thomas, J. Chamomile oil can help calm down dogs, so if you happily agreed to dog sit your friends brand new puppy with all the puppy brains and want it to settle down, some chamomile might just do the trick. Answer a few simple questions and find the right dog for you, Compare up to 5 different breeds side by side, Browse the AKC Marketplace to find the right puppy for you, Browse our extensive library of dog names for inspiration, Find out the best and worst foods for your dog and which to avoid. Packed with solutions and ideas for treatingcommon health issues for your dog at home. Common symptoms of essential oil poisoning: Some of these may be a little tougher to decide if they are truly problematic symptoms, but hopefully, you will have been around your dog long enough to know when he or she is just not acting right. Can you use frankincense oil for dogs? I started this site to share all the neat stuff I found out about these tiny little bottles. Essential oils that are safe for dogs can have some benefits for your pup, such as reducing anxiety and treating skin conditions. Some pet owners may be interested in trying essential oils with other furry friends so this is another helpful essential oils guide for animals in general below. ginger oil could assist in their breathing. Can Rabbits Eat Parsnips? What is castor oil used for? It also has ingredients like shea butter, avocado oil, and coconut oil to bring the following benefits to bathtime: Kills bacteria and heals sores or hot spots. Garlic for dogs has shown promise with cancers of the colon, lung, stomach, and rectum. If you're using essential oils around your family pets, be sure to allow them access out of the room and into a room where you're not diffusing. Avoid high concentrations of the oil. This makes krill oil less likely to be contaminated with mercury, Dr. Scanlan says. Other adverse reactions it can instigate in canines are stumbling and paralysis. Lime essential oil harbours the same dangerous substances its lemon counterpart has, which are d-limonene and linalool. However, it is best to select a professionally manufactured formula that has been made specifically for dogs. These oils are. Not only should you avoid putting the diffuser near your dogs bed, but you should also only use it for short periods of time and only in areas that are well ventilated. Much of the current information available about this oil . It carries toxic compounds, namely glycoalkaloids, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpene lactones. Dogs may suffer from diarrhoea and vomiting from ingesting pine oil. As mentioned before, as great as essential oils seem to be, not all are going to be safe for your dog. Helichrysum is known as everlasting or immortelle. 6 Health Benefits and 5 Risks. Sudsy contains the following essential oils: lavender, cornmint, cedarwood atlas, bergamot, lemongrass, rosemary, eucalyptus, and geranium. Store below 30 degrees. While essential oils can smell great and be super calming, there are some that are dangerous for dogs. The one that surprised me was that it (chamomile oil) can actually improve the social skills of your dog. If you suspect that your pet has been poisoned by essential oils, immediately contact your veterinarian or the 24/7 Pet Poison Helpline (855-764-7661). Its also important to remember what oils you can and cannot use in an oil diffuser around your pet. These are respiratory irritants that can cause breathing problems in dogs. With a little cedar oil around, you can help relieve some of that nuisance so your dog can get back to nap time. Similar to the use of oils with children, its absolutely crucial to remember that a little goes a long, long way with pets. Yes, dogs can eat sesame chicken. That's why many holistic practitioners recommend this powerful root for dogs. Similarly, with other things that dogs can utilize that humans do, you need to be careful about which oils you incorporate into your dogs regimen, as not all essential oils are going to be helpful to your dog. Throughout all of the research, it seems to be quite the debate on essential oils and dogs. Coconut oil has also been shown to help dogs lose weight, give them more energy, and offer relief to dry skin. Pets that are unwilling to consume the capsule may take it in liquid form if the capsule is pierced, squeezed, and mixed into the moist food or a soft treat, Dr. Mahaney says. Ingesting it in large amounts or excessive exposure can cause liver damage and affect the central nervous system of canines. Helichrysum essential oil has many benefits to pets thanks to its anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal properties. ( 9) Flaxseed oil: This oil is high in alpha linolenic omega-3s, which puts it in the same ballpark as wild fish when it comes to boosting heart health. If ingested, citrus essential oil can cause lethargy and vomiting. The chemicals in essential oils are rapidly absorbed into the system, whether received orally or through the skin, and metabolized by the liver. This special blend is actually a mixture of 5 different essential oils: Ylang Ylang, Tangerine, Blue Tansy, Orange, and Patchouli Oil Blend. Preliminary research suggests that these potent oils may have some health benefits for dogs and humans, and many holistic veterinarians incorporate essential oils into their practices. Is doterra Balance essential oil harmful for Dogs. Here are 6 ways ginger may help your dog 1. Whilst this is safe for human use, it is harmful and potentially deadly to dogs. In short, essential oils come from concentrated plant materials, which give them their natural characteristics and title. To avoid these dangers, skip topical usage, oral application, or diffusion of grapefruit essential oil on dogs. They are harmful when applied topically or inhaled.. Somewhat similar to peppermint oil in terms of its scent and uses, spearmint oil can really come in handy with cats for a lot of different concerns, including nausea and diarrhea. But a jar of oil, once opened and exposed to the air, can become rancidso capsules are usually a better way to go, says Dr. Scanlan. They contain only 0.3% THC, making them the perfect choice for your puppy. You should then wait 30 minutes to let the room clear out before using it again. Its also a common choice of essential oils for dog wounds and essential oils for dogs itching. Since there is a lack of data supporting the success of these products, owners who use them may put their dogs at risk for flea and tick-borne diseases, so ask your veterinarian for advice about the best way to incorporate essential oil-based flea and tick control into your dogs treatment plan. This includes oil of cinnamon, citrus, pennyroyal, peppermint, pine, sweet birch, tea tree (melaleuca), wintergreen, and ylang ylang. How much oil should you use? is kunzea oil safe for dogs. If a diffuser is used, make sure there is open air circulation, and make sure the pet is not confined in an area where the scent is concentrated, Dr. Grewal said. Leaves, stems/ twigs, and sometimes flowers, are used. Download for tips on how to be the best dog owner you can be. 2. AKC is a participant in affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to akc.org. Dogs who consume too many fatty acids may develop liver conditions. Pine Oils-These oils are sometimes used in cleaning products. Thus, diffusing essential oils around your furry pet should be done with care. Seeking treatment as quickly as possible will typically lead to a better outcome for your pet. Store away from direct sunlight. However, it has compounds that were observed to induce minor poisoning in canines when ingested or inhaled. Use this on our furry friends to help repel ticks. Applying anise essential oil on dogs skin and coat should be avoided as it can prompt skin allergies and other dermatological issues. View our Manuka Oil collection. But not all essential oils used by us are safe for dogs. You may also mix this essential oil with your dogs food. If you use essential oils, here are some rules of thumb to help keep your pet safe. Its easy to confuse natural with safe. A rough guideline is to add about 3-6 drops of essential oils to 1 oz. Maybe that long hike just made them a bit too warm, so that would be a perfect time to use peppermint oil because it will cool down your dog and get them back to equilibrium. In severe cases, it might cause central nervous system damage and liver damage in dogs. One serving of sesame chicken from Panda Express has 420 calories. K9 Kunzea Summer Fly and Tick Spray $ 13.00 ex. If your dog does seem to be acting strange, particularly if you are introducing something new to them (like essential oils), then you will want to keep a watchful eye on how they are progressing. Helichrysum oil is also used to support the nervous system and boost heart health. If your dog happens to be experiencing digestive and stomach problems, then ginger oil may help reduce their discomfort and clear up their issues. Helps repel bugs. Hence, topical and internal use of ylang-ylang essential oil on dogs is greatly discouraged. Peppermint oil should not be applied to the face of infants or young children because serious side effects may occur if they inhale the menthol in the oil. Even with the oils that are deemed acceptable to use on pets, the way you apply them should still be done with caution and care. It also helps in improving appetite, easing nausea, reducing coughing, and relieving anxiety. Below is a short list of essential oils that experts say are safe to use on dogs: Lavender oil is a popular choice among humans so maybe you already have this incredible essential oil on hand for your furry friend. If youre looking foressential oils recipes for dogs using chamomile oil, check out this super easy Calming Spray Recipe that also includes lavender oil. You can use certain essential oils for pets safely to boost their physical as well as emotional well-being, while there are other oils that you specifically should not use with dogs and cats or animals in general. This essential oil is soft and gentle, so for most people the oil can be applied direct to the skin. Youll actually find peppermint as one of the more commonly used essential oils for dog flea repellent for sale in pet shops and online today. Below is a list of common signs that might steer you in the direction of investigating if essential oils might be beneficial for your dog: There is an abundance of different types of essential oils, all varying in ranges of their own unique properties and benefits. Thyme essential oil is made up of harmful compounds to dogs including linalool and phenols. They're safe, lightly-scented oils that help deliver the oil safely to your dog's skin. Soothes upset stomach. It also possesses a spicy scent that can irritate the respiratory system of dogs when diffused. Put 1 drop into his kibble mixed with wet food per 812 hours. Numerous scientific papers have analyzed its safety and efficacy, with no sign of life-threatening side effects. Much like the candles that are essential if you are going to be hanging outside in the evenings during the summertime, this special oil helps repel ticks and fleas from your dog. The essential oil is often used as herbal remedy for anxiety and mood disorders. Apart from that, Kunzea oil is also readily absorbed by the skin. Natural flea and tick preventatives that use essential oils can be problematic, according to veterinarians. (6). Even with plenty of positive testimonials using essential oils and hydrosols with dogs, it is essential to know all the ins and outs, pros and cons. It should be noted that these are only anecdotal claims and not yet proven by research. It refreshes the air when diffused and can freshen breath with taken internally. Tea tree oilIn high concentrations tea tree essential oil (aka melaleuca) can cause adverse effects; however, shampoos containing low concentrations are okay. On the other hand, you have cat owners that swear essential oils even in the least doses are not only bad but also dangerous for cats. Keep an eye on your dog for itchy skin, vomiting, or diarrhea when giving flax seeds to your dog. Why Do Experts Warn Not to Breed Albino Dogs? 10 Puppy Supplies to Add to Your Checklist, Natural Oils for Dogs That Can Help With Dog Skin Conditions, How to Keep Medium-Sized Dogs Healthy at Every Life Stage. It is still widely debated if peppermint essential oil is safe for dogs. The anti-inflammatory action in the oil is an added bonus that can also help control inflammation-triggered itching. As you might have picked up, the benefits that essential oils can have on humans can easily have the same positive effects on your beloved feline friend. It can negatively affect the respiratory and nervous systems of dogs. It also contains EPA and DHA, and will help give your pet healthier joints and skin, in addition to other benefits. Flaxseed oil:This oil is high in alpha linolenic omega-3s, which puts it in the same ballpark as wild fish when it comes to boosting heart health. Our Zea Relief Kuznea Cream is particularly popular . Some top choices include lavender, chamomile, frankincense and cedarwood. With these being advised as a safer alternative to essential oils, it is still a good idea to do your own homework and research to make sure you have all the info on what you are getting you and your furry friend into. Great for pups whose systems aren't able to digest omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids well. If you give your dog too much coconut oil, they can get diarrhea. T.G.A Federally approved for aromatherapy and as a therapeutic good for external use only. Essential oils are made from highly concentrated plant substances. Kunzea essential oil showed in vitro antimicrobial activity, some mosquito repelling activity in humans, and may be useful in treating skin fungal and bacterial infections based on a study on horses. Frankincense has antimicrobial and antibacterial properties, which are great for healing injuries. Make sure that your dog cant knock any over or accidentally lick it or ingest oils from it. (30 ml) of carrier oil, or about 18-25 drops of essential oils to 8 oz. Always dilute oils! However, do not be deceived by its sweet scent. with the exception of Decumbens), Juniper (Juniperus sp. Below is a list of essential oils that are toxic for dogs and should not be applied topically or even diffused too close around your dog:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'pawsinsider_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',633,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawsinsider_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); From essential oils to scraps off your dinner plate, it is important to know exactly what your dog can and cannot consume whether thats orally, topically, or aromatically. Scents of essential oils are particularly helpful in calming down distressed or anxious dogs. Essential oils have been becoming more popular and widely used from direct contact on the skin to diffusers, being able to provide a variety of benefits to not just humans, but pets and dogs as well. The biggest concern is that oil of oregano for dogs must be diluted properly. Using lavender oil topically or for aromatherapy can be beneficial for dogs. Copyright 2023 UKPets. Exposure to peppermint essential oil increases the risk of skin irritation, aspiration pneumonia, and in severe cases, liver failure. From upset stomachs in middle school to cooling effects, peppermint is a reliable source that we continue to go back to. Side effects of consuming tea tree oil in dogs include vomiting and skin irritation. Pennyroyal essential oil has been known for its insect-repelling properties. Although it offers these benefits, inhalation, ingestion, or application of yarrow essential oil on dogs should be avoided. Olive oil is wonderful for dogs' overall health because it can help keep their coats moisturized and shiny, improve their immune systems, and help prevent and lessen the effects of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The dogs exposed to the scent of lavender oil spent a significant amount more time resting and sitting and a lot less time moving around and vocalizing. Products using cedarwood essential oils for fleas and ticks do exist, but these must be sourced carefully. You may already be familiar with this popular, refreshing essential oil. Allergic reactions may also occur if garlic oil is applied to the skin and coat of dogs. From being an air freshener to providing aromatherapy and even being used directly on to the skin, essential oils have become a staple in some cultures and alternative medicine practices. If essential oils can irritate your dog topically, then having them ingest something foreign for the first time is always a risky move. There are a good amount of essential oils that have been deemed safe and, even better helpful, to pet health. Ever seen in a commercial or an over-stereotyped romantic comedy where a person is on the couch wrapped up in a cozy blanket sipping chamomile tea? This oil is high in alpha linolenic omega-3s, which puts it in the same ballpark as wild fish when it comes to boosting heart health. improving behavior as well as bacterial healing. Keep your dogs fur shiny and healthy by applying diluted rosehip seed oil to it. Are essential oils safe for dogs? Always store essential oils out of the reach of pets and children. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Observe him for 24 hours to see the effects. There are companies now that even make shampoo infused with citronella for this exact added benefit. (10) The use of frankincense oil in pet cancer isnt that surprising when you consider that research has shown the powerful potential for frankincense oil to help fight some forms of human cancer, including bladder cancer. Myrtle essential oil has potent concentrations of alpha-pinene, which can trigger dangerous side effects in dogs. Theme by 17th Avenue. For those that might be a little on the shy side, chamomile can aid in your dogs social skills down at your local dog park. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. For overweight cats, some vets use spearmint oil to balance the metabolism, and in felines with gastrointestinal problems, the oil can be used to improve unwanted symptoms. A large dose of oil all at once can cause pancreatis in a susceptible individualespecially if they are fat, she adds. But, spearmint in particular is great for your dog's metabolism and gallbladder. with the exception of Juniper Berry), Redness or burns on the lips, gums, tongue or skin. It can cause breakouts, inflammation, and rashes if applied to dogs skin. geranial: 45.18% neral: 33.09% But for a treat once in a while, it's completely safe for your dog. For internal use, read Rita's . Interestingly enough, there are other essential oils from the mint family that can be beneficial to your dog - such as peppermint oil. Ginger is also helpful for more serious conditions like osteoarthritis and even cancer. Myrrh essential oil has many benefits for dogs. Proponents of lemongrass essential oil vouch for its anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anti-flea and tick properties. Basil essential oil is high in phenylpropanes, which can cause mild intoxication in dogs when ingested or inhaled.
Forbes Wealthiest Cities In America,
Ottawa Fire Department Dispatch,
New York City Police Foundation Board Of Directors,
Clumpy Discharge After Taking Fluconazole,
Articles I